The Jina Padmaprahba, the 'lotus splendour', can be identified by the
Padma (red lotus with seven leaves) depicted in both of his hands. This
open lotus flower is the symbol of his divine origin, purity and spiritual
elevation. In Jain iconography, Padmaprahba is the sixth Tirthankara
and is associated with red blood. Jain philosophy mentions a number
of 24 Jinas, also known as Tirthankaras or conquerors, all of them involved
with the immortal and indestructible soul (jiva) which resides within
every living being. Jainism has been continuously practised since at
least the eighth century B.C. and together with Buddhism and Hinduism,
it is one of the three major world religions to have emerged in India.
Like Buddhism, Jainism holds all members of the community as equal,
and advocates a life of detachment with a view to escaping the birth
cycle; via a chain of rebirths they try to attain a state of liberation.
The Tirthankaras and in particular this Jina represent the higher ideal
of the ascetic, that of self-denial.
Padmaprahba is depicted naked, standing in samapada; his long arms
in a free posture at his sides. Both his hands are holding a disk-shaped
lotus blossom, the Padma, which is his attribute. His hair is arranged
in finely incised thick locks over a raised ushnisa, the symbol which
denotes his ultimate spiritual wisdom. Behind his head is a shallow
relief carved lotus nimbus, referring to the name and appearance of
this Jina. At the top is a depiction of two garlands bearing apsaras,
set against a shallow leafy canopy; they hold a protecting umbrella
above the god's head. Probably this Jina was originally surrounded by
23 Tirthankaras, 15 of them remain; a representation of all the Jain
Tirthankaras, the Chaturvimsati, the Jinas of the past, present and
future.
In comparison to many more common and later central Indian images of
Jinas, this extremely rare temple sculpture of Padmaprahba exhibits
many elements of early sculptures from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, revealing
stylistic and artistic similarities with Gupta works of art. This classic
period can be considered as the highlight of the Indian cultural heritage,
and had a major influence on the art of Southeast Asia. The typical
characteristics are the full face with fleshy cheeks, the almond shaped
eyes, the circular padma nimbus displaying large open lotus leaves and
the imposing volume of his body. In addition, he is distinguished from
later mediaeval examples by the long locks of hair curling elegantly
over his shoulders and by his finely divided hairstyle in contrast to
curls. A sculpture depicting a Jina and displaying a similar hairstyle
and monumental full volumes and a padma-nimbus to the present example,
which may also be dated to the 8th century, is published in; 'De trap
naar de verlossing', 2500 jaar kunst en religie van het Jainisme, J.van
Alphen, nr. 60.
This monumental temple sculpture of Padmaprahba is depicted with imposing
shoulders and full elongated body features which are associated with his
superhuman powers. It is among the few sculptures in Indian art, realising
the ideal Yogi in such a perfect manner; portrayed with striking natural
and well modelled volumes, the divine god appears alive, his face expressing
total harmony and inner happiness. With a mystic silence the Jina radiates
an intense energy of peace, serenity and relaxation, revealing his prominent
role as an important peaceful liberator. |